Debian Linux 7.0 Apache2 Configuration: 301 Redirects and Directory Permissions

With nothing to do one day, I registered three domain names (kitaluft.com, 0x97.com, jourman.com), but only one personal blog, so at the beginning I just casually pointed all three domains to the same hosting space without doing any configuration, which meant the file listing was visible when accessing certain directories. Later I designated just one URL — "blog.kitaluft.com" — and redirected the others to it via apache2. That method was extremely simple: just add "Redirect / http://blog.kitaluft.com" to the configuration file.

But this obviously has a problem. Say Baidu has indexed one of my articles with the URL "http://www.kitaluft.com/id=8?"; after applying the above redirect, clicking that link won't take the user to that article. A 301 redirect, however, can solve this problem.

To borrow a sentence from the blogger at "http://www.admin5.com/article/20140717/552719.shtml", there are two ways to implement a 301 redirect:

1. When a.com redirects to b.com, accessing a.com/1.html also redirects to b.com
2. When a.com redirects to b.com, accessing a.com/1.html redirects to b.com/1.html

Clearly, the second method has the advantage. This article describes how to make "www.kitaluft.com" redirect to "blog.kitaluft.com". The process requires modifying the configuration file that was previously written for this blog as the virtual host configuration. The original text was:

<VirtualHost *:80>
    ServerAdmin master@0x97.com
    ServerName www.kitaluft.com
    Redirect /  # explicit redirect
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
    LogLevel warn
    CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>

Modify to:

<VirtualHost *:80>    
    ServerAdmin master@0x97.com    
    ServerName www.kitaluft.com    
    RewriteEngine On    
    RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www.kitaluft.com    
    RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://beyan.me/$1 [R=permanent,L]    
    ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log          
    LogLevel warn         
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined </VirtualHost>

Enable apache2 rewrite module

Bash

# cd /etc/apache2/mods-enabled
# ln -s ../mods-available/rewrite.load ./

Set directory permissions

<Directory /var/www/>
    Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews  # originally had Indexes, which would list files in a directory when accessed
    AllowOverride None
    DirectoryIndex login.php index.php
    Order allow,deny  # allow first then deny — like a blacklist, allow all by default and deny specific ones
    allow from all
    Deny from 183.60.243.234  # block this IP from accessing the site — it attacked 37 times in one day, recommend site owners blacklist it
</Directory>

Set file permissions

<Files test.html>
    Order allow,deny  # Deny access to this file in any directory of the site
    Deny from all
</Files>

Set network namespace permissions

<Location /test>
    Order Allow,Deny
    Deny from all
</Location>

This will block access to any URL starting with /test, for example: http://www.kitaluft.com/test http://www.kitaluft.com/test/abc.html http://www.kitaluft.com/test/test/abc.html For directory permissions, see: http://www.php100.com/html/webkaifa/apache/2009/0418/1193.html Postscript: I set up a 301 redirect, and after it took effect the URL ended up with two slashes, e.g. "http://beyan.me//". It doesn't actually affect functionality, but something must clearly be wrong. After a lot of searching through Baidu and Google, here are the lessons I learned: 1. In the line below, ^(.*)$ works like any other regular expression — it means any line including blank lines, except newline characters. 2. If you remove the "http://" from the second argument, the browser address bar will get stuck in an infinite loop. 3. Removing the "/" before $ prevents the double "//" error, probably because the "$1" variable itself already starts with "/". 4. There must be no spaces inside the "[R=permanent,L]" flag, or the apache2 service will report an error. 5. "[NC]" means case-insensitive.

RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^ [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://beyan.me/$1 [R=permanent,L]